What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease, occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste efficiently from the blood. As blood flows through the kidneys, these vital organs remove waste and excess fluids, excreting them as urine. In Australia, approximately 1.7 million adults have been diagnosed with CKD, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The risk of developing kidney disease increases with age, with 44% of diagnosed Australians being over 75. CKD progresses through five stages, with symptoms often becoming noticeable only in the later stages. Without treatment, CKD can worsen, potentially leading to kidney failure.

Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease

In the early stages of CKD, symptoms may be subtle or absent. People can lose up to 90% of kidney function before noticing any significant signs. Recognising the symptoms early can help slow the progression of the disease.

Common symptoms include:

• Changes in urination patterns, especially more frequent trips at night
• Swelling around the legs, arms, or eyes
• Persistent fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Dark, foamy urine
• Unexplained weight loss
• Difficulty concentrating
• Dry, itchy skin

In more advanced stages or kidney failure, additional symptoms may occur, such as:

• Confusion
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD is characterised by a reduced glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which measures how effectively the kidneys filter waste from the blood. Several conditions and factors contribute to CKD development, including:

• Diabetes (a leading cause of CKD)
• High blood pressure (hypertension)
• Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units)
• Polycystic kidney disease (a genetic disorder)
• Autoimmune conditions like lupus

Risk Factors for Kidney Disease

Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing CKD:

• Existing conditions like diabetes or hypertension
• Cardiovascular disease
• Age (particularly over 60)
• Family history of kidney disease
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Sedentary lifestyle

Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease

Since CKD often has no symptoms in its early stages, regular health checks are essential for those at risk. A Kidney Health Check every 1-2 years is recommended for those with risk factors.

Key diagnostic tests include:

1. Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
   This blood test measures the filtration rate of your kidneys by assessing creatinine levels, which are produced by muscle metabolism.
2. Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio
   A urine test helps determine kidney function by comparing the levels of albumin and creatinine.
3. Imaging Tests
   Ultrasounds, MRI, or CT scans create detailed images of the kidneys, revealing any abnormalities or damage.
4. Kidney Biopsy
   A small sample of kidney tissue is surgically removed and examined to assess the extent of kidney damage.

Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease

While there is no cure for CKD, treatments can manage symptoms and slow the disease’s progression. The recommended treatment plan will depend on the severity of the condition.

1. Lifestyle Changes
   Adopting healthier habits can significantly slow CKD’s progression. Your doctor may suggest:
   • Maintaining a healthy weight
   • Quitting smoking
   • Increasing physical activity
   • Reducing alcohol intake
   • Following a kidney-friendly diet
2. Medications
   Medications may be prescribed to manage underlying conditions contributing to CKD, such as high blood pressure or cholesterol. These treatments complement lifestyle changes to help preserve kidney function.
3. Dialysis
   For advanced cases, dialysis may be necessary. Dialysis uses a machine to filter waste from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform this function.
4. Kidney Transplant
   In severe cases of kidney failure, a transplant from a donor may be the only option for long-term survival.

Recovery and Management

Though CKD is a progressive condition, proper management can help slow its progression and improve quality of life. Left untreated, CKD can lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or transplantation to sustain life. Early intervention and adherence to medical advice are crucial for better long-term outcomes.

Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD can lead to several serious complications, including:

• Weakening of bones, increasing the risk of fractures (osteoporosis)
• Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart failure or diabetes
• Kidney failure
• Dyslipidaemia (abnormal cholesterol levels)
• Malnutrition

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At Pocket Doctor, we understand the importance of early diagnosis and effective management of chronic kidney disease. Our experienced telehealth doctors are available to provide guidance and treatment options for CKD, helping you manage the condition from the comfort of your own home.

Book a telehealth consultation today with Pocket Doctor for personalised care, available 24/7 anywhere in Australia.

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References

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare – Chronic Kidney Disease in Australia.
2. Kidney Health Australia – Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease and its Symptoms